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In the Rhetoric, Aristotle distinguishes three means of persuasion which can be produced by the rhetorician's art

1) argument (the "proper task" of rhetoric--see other side of handout on logic)
2) the character of the speaker
3) the disposition created in the hearer

1. Pathos (Emotion)

Definition: "Creating a certain disposition in the audience" (Rhetoric 1356a, 1377b). An emotional appeal that secures the goodwill of the hearer

Types:
A. lay claim to qualities that the audience will respect
B. stress disadvantages of speaker's situation as a claim to pity
C. arouse hostility against opponent
D. generate prejudice against the opponent through tangential or irrelevant information
E. incite fear
F. plea for pity

Definition: Use of claims about speaker's moral character to gain trust of audience. The province of ethos is wisdom, virtue, and goodwill.
Types:
A. appeal to age & experience
B. reverence for civic virtue
C. patriotism and public-spiritedness
D. displays of piety
E. follow rules of decorum (e.g. avoid delicate subjects)
F. model restraint