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American Studies

19th Century American Art & Material Culture

 

Turn of the Century

• Slave dwellings (sketches of slave dwellings at the the turn of the century accompanied by textual explication)
• Slave Quarters (color photograph of the building once used as . . .)
• Ormand Plantation (color photograph of "the big house")
• Mt. Vernon grounds tour (photographs of interior, exterior, gardens, The Washington's Tomb, etc.)

The Romantic Period

Architecture: The Age of Romanticism and Eclecticism, 1825-70

• Robert Mills: Annex to Jefferson's Rotunda (three photographic views)
• Robert Mills: Former U.S. Patent Office (Greek revival building; Washington, D.C.)
• William Strickland: The Alfred Miller monument (dedicated to the memory of a child who died before his first birthday)
• William Strickland: The Athenaeum, c. 1836 (Greek revival building built for private library association)
• William Strickland: Merchants' Exchange, 1832-1834 (Greek revival building used for commercial purposes; Philadelphia)
• William Strickland: Old U.S. Mint, c. 1835 (only building in America to have served both as a U.S. and Confederate Mint)
• William Strickland: Harrison Randolph Hall, 1826-1828 (old main building at the College of Charleston)
• Independence Hall, 1732-1757 (altered by Robert Mills, 1811-1813; reconstructed by William Strickland, 1828).
• Thomas Ulrich Walter: Andulusia, c. 1833 (Greek revival building; Philadelphia)
• James Renwick: Renwick Gallery (Second Empire style; originally the Corcoran Gallery; Washington, D.C.)
• Alexander Jackson Davis: Design for an Interior, c. 1835 (Greek revival style parlor design)

The Decorative Arts: The Age of Romanticism and Eclecticism, 1800-70

• Numerous mages of various 19th century furniture (Neo-classical, Federal, etc.)
• Sofa, 1800-1810 (Empire style in America; much simpler than European counterpart)
• Sofa, 1820-1830 (Roman revival in the decorative arts)
• Card table, c. 1815 (based on French Directoire style)
• Chest of drawers, 1805-1810 (Empire style: Salem, MA)
• Chest of drawers, 1824 (painted marquetry veneers)
• Secretary-bookcase, c. 1825 (based on the Regency style; composite Corinthian and Ionic capitals)
• Cabinet, 1870-1871 (Second Empire period; classical embellishments; Philadelphia)

Painting: Landscape, 1825-70

• George Catlin: River Bluffs, 1320 Miles above St. Louis (1832, National Museum of American Art
• George Catlin: Prairie meadows burning (1832, NMAA)
• George Catlin: Distant View of theMandan Village (1832) NMAA) For more Catlin Paintings see Portraits
• Thomas Cole (attributed to): "Evening Sunset/Landscape"
• Thomas Cole: "The Woodchopper, Lake Featherstonhaugh," c. 1826
• Thomas Cole: "The Voyage of Life: Childhood", "The Voyage of Life: Youth", "The Voyage of Life: Manhood", and "The Voyage of Life: Old Age" c. 1839
• Thomas Cole: The Course of Empire: "Savage State," "Pastoral State," "Consummation," "Destruction," "Desolation" c. 1836
• Thomas Cole, "The Oxbow" c. 1846
• Thomas Cole: "Roman Campagna" c.1839
• Thomas Cole: "Corway Peak, New Hampshire," c. 1844
• Thomas Cole: "View on the Catskill, Early Autumn" c. 1837
• John William Casilear: "Autumn Cornfield," c. 1871
• Albert Bierstadt: "White Mountains," c. 1860
• Albert Bierstadt: "Storm on the Matterhorn," 1886
• Albert Bierstadt: "Near Salt Lake City, Utah," c. 1881
• Albert Bierstadt: "A Stream in the Rocky Mountains," c. 1882
• Albert Bierstadt: "Rocky Mountain Landscape," 1870 (part of the White House Art Collection)
• Albert Bierstadt: "Near Salt Lake City, Utah" (1881) and "Salt Lake City, Wasatch Mountains, Uintah Range" (1881)
• Albert Bierstadt: "The Oregon Trail"
• Asher B. Durand: "Kasterskill Clove," c. 1850
• Asher B. Durand: "Landscape," c. 1866
• Asher B. Durand: "Portrait of Andrew Jackson," c. 1800
• Frederic Edwin Church: "View of the Hudson River Valley from Olana," c. 1867
• Frederic Edwin Church: "Twilight: Mt. Desert Island, Maine," 1865
• Frederic Edwin Church: "Sierra Nevade de Santa Marta," 1883
• Robert Scott Duncanson: "Landscape with Rainbow," c. 1859
• Robert Scott Duncanson: "Pompeii," c. 1871
• John Frederick Kensett: "Tappan Zee, On the Hudson," c. 1860
• John Frederick Kensett: "On the Connecticut Shore," c. 1871
• John Frederick Kensett: "Camel's Hump from the Western Shore of Lake Champlain," c. 1852

Painting: Genre, Narrative, Still Life, and Portraiture, 1825-70

• George Catlin: Portrait of Mary Catlin (1827, NMAA)
• George Catlin: Buffalo Bull's Back Fat, head chief, Blood Tribe (1832, NMAA)
• George Catlin: Comanche War Party on the March, Fully Equipped (1846-1848, NMAA)
• George Catlin: Comanche War Party, Mounted on Wild Comanche Horses(1834-1837, NMAA)
• George Catlin: Bird's-eye View of the Mandan Village, 1800 Miles ...(1837-1839, NMAA)
• George Catlin: Ball Play of the Women, Prairie du Chien (1835-1836, NMAA)
• George Catlin: Ball Play of the Choctaw--Ball Up (With Tipis...)(1846-1850, NMAA)
• George Catlin: Catlin as Guest of Indian Chief and Dancers(Yale Collection)
• George Catlin: Catlin and His Indian Guide Approaching Buffalo under White Wolf Skins (1846-1848, NMAA)
• George Catlin: Canoe Race near Sault Ste. Marie (1836-1837: NMAA)
• George Catlin: For More Images See Landscape Above or View the NMAA Collection on Catlin
• Nathaniel Currier and James Merritt Ives: "Bridal Veil Fall, Yosemite Valley, California" (lithograph with hand coloring)
• To view an extensive collection of Currier and Ives prints, visit the Museum of the City of New York's web site.

Photography: The Early Years, 1839-70

• Carleton E. Watkins: "Bridal Veil, Yosemite," c. 1865-1866
• William Henry Jackson: "Currecanti Needle, Black Cañon of the Gunnison," before 1880
• George N. Barnard: "Bonaventure, Savannah, Georgia," 1866
• George N. Barnard: "The 'Hell Hole,' New Hope Church, Georgia," 1866
• William Bell: "General A. Barnam, Recovery After a Penetrating Gunshot Wound," 1865
• William Bell: "Heads and Fragments of Heads of Humeri," 1865
• Julian Vannerson: "Portrait of Gen. Robert E. Lee, officer of the Confederate Army," 1863
• Anonymous: "Portrait of Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, officer of the Federal Army," between 1860 and 1865
• "Entrance to Camp Morton" (Civil War POW camp, Indianapolis)
• "Armstrong Canon" (landscape shot with artillery)
• "Destruction of Sherman's March" (impressive surveying shot of what Sherman's forces left behind them)
• "Union Dead at the Gettysburg Battlefield," 1863 (the corpses)
• Civil War period images (photographs and daguerrotypes; lists by subject and location: abolitionists, artists, cavalry, photographers, women, etc.)
• Henry Rocher: "Portrait of Edmonia Lewis," c. 1870's

Sculpture: Neoclassicism and Naturalism, 1825-70

• Horatio Greenough: "Bacchus," c. 1819
• Horatio Greenough: "George Washington" (marble; purchased 1833-36)
• Horatio Greenough: "The Rescue," 1836-53
• Hiram Powers: "George Washington," 1849 (accompanied by short biographical sketch of the artist)
• Thomas Crawford: "The Statue of Freedom"
• John Rogers: "General John Fulton Reynolds," 1884
• John Rogers: "Checkers up at the Farm," 1877
• John Rogers: "Faust and Marguerite, their first meeting," 1890
• John Rogers: "The Council of War," c. 1868
• Thomas Ball (and William Couper): "Henry Wadsworth Longfellow," 1907-8
• Harriet Hosmer: "Oenone," 1854-5
• Edmonia Lewis: "Hagar," 1875
• Edmonia Lewis: "Copy after Michelangelo's Moses," 1875
• Edmonia Lewis: "Poor Cupid (Love Ensnared)," 1872
• Edmonia Lewis: "Old Arrow Maker" (modeled 1866; carved 1872)
• Edmonia Lewis: "The Death of Cleopatra," 1876
• Randolph Rogers: "Abraham Lincoln," 1871
• Randolph Rogers: "The Sentinal," 1864
• William Whetmore Story: "Hero" (marble statue of Hero searching for Leander)
• William Walcutt: "Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry Memorial," 1860

Folk Art: A Special Mode of Vision

• Grandma Moses: "The Old Checkered House in Win"
• Grandma Moses: "A Beautiful World"
• Grandma Moses: "Sugaring Off"
• Grandma Moses: "The Hoosick River, Summer"
• The Sarah Johnson quilt, c. 1826 (Pinwheel Medallion and Stars pattern)
• Material Histories, Continuous Threads: Antebellum Quilts from the Upper Shenandoah (24 nineteenth century quilts: accompanied by concise art-historical commentary)
• "John L. Sullivan" Chalkware Folk Sculpture (rendering of the last bare-knuckle boxing champion)

The American Renaissance

Architecture: The Age of Capitalism, Imperialism, and High Society (1870-1900)

• The Harriet Beecher Stowe House, c. 1871 (19th-century "cottage" style home; interior and exterior views)
• Richard Morris Hunt: The Breakers, 1892-1895 (the return of classicism: Newport, Rhode Island)
• Charles Tollen McKim, William Rutherford Mead, and Stanford White: Hillstead House, 1899 (the return of classicism at a colonial farmhouse)
• McKim, Mead, and White: Boston Public Library, 1885 (reminiscent of a Florentine Renaissance palace)
• McKim, Mead, and White: Pennsylvania Station, 1906-1910 (New York)
• McKim, Mead, and White: Waiting Room, 1906-1910 (main waiting room of Penn. Station; modeled after the Baths of Diocletian)
• McKim, Mead, and White: Approach to Train Sheds, 1906-1910 (Penn. Station, New York)

Toward Modern Architecture: New Technologies and the Advent of the Skyscraper, 1850-1900

• Richard Morris Hunt: "New York Tribune Building," New York, 1873-5 (image 1, image 2, image 3)
• George B. Post: "New York World Building," New York, 1889-90 (image 1, image 2, image 3)
• "Newspaper Row": New York World Building (left) and New York Tribune Building (right)
• R.H. Robertson: "Park Row Building," 1896-99 (a quaint sketch)
• R.H. Robertson: "Park Row Building, " 1896-99 (second image)
• Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler: "Auditorium Building," Chicago, 1887-89 (two photographs: image 1, image 2)
• Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler: "Guaranty Guilding," Buffalo, 1894-5 (eight photographs, including close-ups: image 1, image 2, image 3, image 4, image 5, image 6, image 7, image 8)
• Louis Sullivan: "Carson Pirie Scott Building," 1899 (three photographs, including close-ups: image 1, image 2, image 3)
• William LeBaron Jenney: "Second Leiter Building," Chicago, 1891 (from an old postcard)
• Burnham & Root: "Monadnock Building," Chicago, 1889 (from an old postcard)
• Burnham & Root with Charles Atwood: "Reliance Building," Chicago, 1894 (from an old postcard)
• Shepley, Rutan, & Coolidge: "Ames Building," Boston, 1889-93 ( illustration and photograph: image 1, image 2)
• Clarence Blackall: "Winthrop Building," Boston, 1893 (first steel frame skyscraper in Boston; image 1, image 2)

The Artful Interior: Cosmopolitanism, the Aesthetic Movement, and the American Home (1870-1900)

• Louis Comfort Tiffany: "Autumn Landscape" "Magnolia and Wisteria" "View of Oyster Bay" (all stained glass landscapes) and a Tiffany floor lamp"
• Louis Comfort Tiffany reproductions: "Landscape (Octagon)" (stained glass: a river forges between mountains . . .) "Peacock" (stained glass: early 20th century) "Tree of Life" (stained glass rendering of the symbol for eternal life . . .) "Rainbow" (stained glass: interestingly enough, a rather dark image . . .) "Mermaid" (stained glass: reproduction of the original window housed in the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago) "Sunrise" (stained glass: part of a private collection in Japan) "Floral Landscape" (stained glass: circular window, elaborate pattern) "Summer's Day" (stained glass: blue sky, picket fence, tulips . . .) "Flamingo" (stained glass: Tiffany created this pane from a painting he executed himself: a mysterious woman approaches two flamingos across a flame in a dark room . . .) Louis Comfort Tiffany: "Intertwining Leaves" (stained glass: two trees embrace across a river . . .)

Painting: The Naturalistic Tradition and Cosmopolitanism, 1870-1900

• Eastman Johnson: "The Cranberry Harvest, Island of Nantucket, " 1880
• Eastman Johnson: "Portrait of Benjamin Harrison," c. 1895
• Eastman Johnson: "Boyhood of Lincoln"
• George Inness: "Perugia and the Valley," c. 1874
• George Inness: "Wooded Interior, Montclar, N.J.," c. 1886
• George Inness: "The Rainbow in the Berkshire Hills," 1869 (part of the White House Art Collection)
• George Inness: "Ariccis," 1874
• George Inness: "In the Woods," c. 1880-5
• George Inness: "Niagara," 1889
• Mary Cassatt: "Sketch of Mother and Daughter Looking at the Baby," c. 1908
• Mary Cassatt: "Susan on a Balcony Holding a Dog"
• Mary Cassatt: "Woman Reading (Portrait of Lydia Cassatt, the Artist's Sister," 1878-9
• Mary Cassatt: "Agatha and Her Child," 1891
• Mary Cassatt: "Spanish Dancer Wearing a Mantille," 1873
• Thomas Eakins: "Portrait of J. Laurie Wallace," 1883
• Thomas Eakins: "The Cello Player (Rudolph Hennig)" 1896
• Thomas Eakins: "Portrait of Jennie Dean Kershaw (Portrait of Mrs. Samuel Murray)" c. 1897
• Thomas Eakins: "Maybelle," 1898
• Thomas Eakins: "The Courtship," 1878
• Thomas Eakins: "Max Schmitt in a Single Scull," 1871
• Thomas Eakins: "The Biglen Brothers Racing," 1873
• Thomas Eakins: "Miss Van Buren," c. 1886-90
• Thomas Eakins: "Mary Adeline Williams," 1899
• James Abbott McNeill Whistler: "Arrangement in Grey and Black: Portrait of the Painter's Mother," 1871
• James Abbott McNeill Whistler: "Valparaiso Harbor," 1866
• James Abbott McNeill Whistler: "Brown and Gold," 1895-1900
• James Abbottt McNeill Whistler: "Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket," c. 1875
• Winslow Homer: "Trooper Meditating Beside a Grave," c. 1865
• Winslow Homer: "Snap the Whip," 1872
• Winslow Homer: "Cerney la Ville-French Farm," 1867
• Winslow Homer: "The Adirondack Guide," 1894
• Winslow Homer: "Driftwood," 1909
• Winslow Homer: "Woodsman and Fallen Tree," 1891
• Winslow Homer: "Long Branch, New Jersey," 1869
• Winslow Homer: "Fisherman's Family [The Lookout]," 1881
• Winslow Homer: The Fallen Deer," 1892
• Winslow Homer: "Breezing Up [A Fair Wind]," 1876
• Winslow Homer: "The Fog Warning," 1885
• Winslow Homer: "The Gulf Stream"
• Winslow Homer: "Boys in a Pasture," 1874
• Winslow Homer: "Sunlight and Shadow"
• Winslow Homer: "Bear Hunting, Prospect Rock," 1892
• John Singer Sargent: "Lady Agnew of Lochnaw," 1892-3
• John Singer Sargent: "Mrs. Hugh Hammersley," 1892-3
• John Singer Sargent: "Mrs. John Jay Chapman (Elizabeth Winthrop Chanler)," 1893
• John Singer Sargent: "Mr. and Mrs. I.N. Phelps Stokes," 1897
• John Singer Sargent: "Mrs. George Swinton," 1897
• John Singer Sargent: "The Wyndham Sisters-- Lady Elcho, Mrs. Adeane, and Mrs. Tenant," 1899
• John Singer Sargent: "An Interior in Venice," 1899
• John Singer Sargent: "On His Holidays," 1901
• John Singer Sargent: "Mrs. Fiske Warren & her Daughter," 1903
• John Singer Sargent: "An Artist in his Studio," 1904
• John Singer Sargent: "Mrs. Knowles and Her Children," 1902
• John Singer Sargent: "Lady Helen Vincent, Viscountess d'Abernon" c. 1904

Painting: American Impressionism, American Renaissance, and Trompe l'Oeil Realism

• William Merritt Chase: "Courtyard of a Dutch Orphan Asylum," 1884
• William Merritt Chase: etching of a jester pouring himself a drink, (undated)
• William Merritt Chase: "Portrait of a Gentleman," undated
• William Merritt Chase: "Portrait of Moses Swaim" (1867), "Portrait of William Gurley Munson (1868), "Study of a Young Woman" (mid-1880's), "Portrait of Sarah Swaim Chase (The Artist's Mother)" (1892), "Portrait of David H. Chase (The Artist's Father)" (1895), "The Big Brass Bowl" (1899), "Dorothy" (1902), "Still Life with Brass Bowl" (1903), "Woman in White" (1910)
• William Merritt Chase: "Priam" undated
• William Merritt Chase: "Chinnecock Hills, Long Island," 1900
• William Merritt Chase: "Mr. Max Bensil"
• William Merritt Chase: "Mrs. Max Bensil"
• William Merritt Chase: "Did You Speak to Me?" 1897
• Julian Alden Weir: "In the Sun" (1899), "Flora" (1882), "Portrait of a Young Woman" (c. 1912), "An Autumn Stroll" (1894), "The Hunter" (1893)
• Julian Alden Weir: "The Carpenter's Shop," 1891
• Childe Hassam: "The Artist's Wife in a Garden, Villiers-le-Bell," 1889
• Childe Hassam: "Rain Storm, Union Square," c. 1890
• Childe Hassam: "The Etcher (Self-Portrait)"; "Rainy Day on Columbus Street in Boston," 1885; "Boston Common at Twilight," 1885-6; "Summer Evening," 1886; "Le Jour du Grand Prix," 1888; "Gathering Flowers in a French Garden," 1888; "Vase of Roses," 1890; "Washington Arch in Spring," 1890; "Little Pond at Appledore," 1890; "Isle of Shoals Garden," 1892; "Celia Thaxter in her Garden," 1892; "Nocturne-Railway Crossing in Chicago," 1893; "Home of the Hummingbird," 1893; "The Chicago Exhibition at Crystal Palace," 1893; "The Room of Flowers," 1894.
• Childe Hassam: "Dexter's Garden," 1892
• Cecilia Beaux: "The Dreamer," 1894
• Cecilia Beaux: "Dorothea and Francesca"
• Cecilia Beaux: "New England Woman"
• Cecilia Beaux: "A Little Girl (Fanny Travis Cochran)" 1887
• Cecilia Beaux: "Man with the Cat (Henry Sturgis Drinker)" 1898
• Thomas Wilmer Dewing: "Venetian Brocade," 1905
• Thomas Wilmer Dewing: "The Spinner," 1880
• Thomas Wilmer Dewing: "Lady in Yellow," c. 1888
• Thomas Wilmer Dewing: "The Letter," 1889
• Thomas Wilmer Dewing: "Hymen," c. 1886
• Thomas Wilmer Dewing: "Winged Figure," c. 1888
• Thomas Wilmer Dewing: "The Days," 1886
• Abbott Handerson Thayer: "Angel," 1889
• Albert Pinkham Ryder: "With Sloping Mast and Dipping Prow," before 1906
• William Michael Harnett: "Emblems of Peace"
• William Michael Harnett: "Music and Literature"
• William Michael Harnett: "Banker's Table"
• William Michael Harnett: "After the Hunt," 1885
• William Michael Harnett: "A Wooden Basket of Catawba Grapes," 1876

Photography: 1870-1900

• "A reunion photo of the 121st NYS Volunteers," 1884, Spottsylvania Battlefield (Bloody Angle). panorama.
• William Bell: "Canyon of Kanab Wash, Colorado River, Looking South," 1872
• William Bell: "Perched Rock, Rocker Creek, Arizona," 1872
• William Bell: "Looking South into the Grand Canyon, Colorado River, Sheavwitz Crossing," 1872
• William Bell: "Grand Canyon, Colorado River, near Paria Creek, Looking West," 1872
• Frank Jay Haynes: "Hell's Half Acre, Prismatic Springs," late 1880's
• Photograph of George Inness (with a brief note regarding the landscape painter's fascination with photography)
• Photograph of Albert Pinkham Ryder (from the Peter A. Juley and Son Collection)
• Shaw Memorial Dedication: Boston, May, 31, 1897
• Thomas Anshutz: "Boys with a Boat, Ohio River, Near Wheeling, West Virginina," 1880
• George Barker: "Niagara in Summer, from Below," c. 1888
• George Barker: "The Falls in Winter," c. 1888
• The Daguerreian Society (a gallary of daguerreotypes from Europe and America)
• Antique Cameras (Early wet plate cameras, daguerreotypes, and more)
• "Photography" (an article by Lady Elizabeth Eastlake, 1857)
• "The 'Carte de Visite'" (an article by Emily J. Mackintosh: Petersen's Magazine, Vol. XLIV, No. 5, Philadelphia, November, 1863)
• The History of Photography (by Henry H. Snelling, 1849)

Sculpture: From the American Renaissance to the Western Frontier, 1870-1900

• Augustus Saint-Gaudens: "Diana of the Tower," 1899 (bronze statue with brief biographical sketch of the artist)
• Augustus Saint-Gaudens: U.S. Gold Coinage (designed in imitation of relief coins of ancient Greece at the request of Theodore Roosevelt)
• Augustus Saint-Gaudens: "Vanderbilt Family Portrait Reliefs," c. 1881 (carved wood reliefs)
• Augustus Saint-Gaudens: "Sara Redwood Lee bas relief"
• Augustus Saint-Gaudens: "Studies for soldiers' heads for the Robert Gould Shaw Memorial"
• Augustus Saint-Gaudens: "Heroic cast of the Shaw Memorial"
• Augustus Saint-Gaudens: "Statue of Amor"
• Augustus Saint-Gaudens: "Lincoln portrait"
• Daniel Chester French: "Republic"
• Daniel Chester French: "Roosevelt Equestrian"
• Daniel Chester French: "John Hampden," 1908
• Daniel Chester French: "Commerce," 1910
• Daniel Chester French: "Jurisprudence," 1911
• J.F. Brines: "Emil Ambos," 1901
• Joseph Carabelli: "Arthur/Haserot Memorial," 1880 (Cleveland)
• Joseph Carabelli: "Civil War Memorial; Elyria OH," 1888 (Elyria)
• R.F. Carter: "Civil War Memorial; Painsville, OH," 1880
• Henry Church: "Squaw Rock," 1885 (unusual carving on a naturally situated rock)
• Coltman (first name unknown): "Burton Memorial," 1895
• Coltman (first name unknown): "Newton D. Fisher Memorial," 1900
• Leopold Fettweiss: "Germania," 1877
• Leopold Fettweiss: "Colonel Robert L. McCook Monument"
• James G.C. Hamilton: "Harvey Rice," 1899
• James G.C. Hamilton: "General Moses Cleaveland," 1888
• H.A. MacNeil: "Peace McKinley Memorial," 1905
• H.A. MacNeil: "Prosperity Through Progress," 1905
• Herman N. Matzen: "Justice," 1908
• Herman N. Matzen: "Law," 1908
• Guiseppe Moretti: "Simon Perkins," 1895
• Nicola Papotta: "Henry Chilsolm Monument," 1884
• Emily Ewing Peck: "Giles Waldo Shurtleff," 1898
• Alphons Pelzer: "Christopher Columbus," 1892
• Levi Tucker Scofield: "Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument," 1898
• Levi Tucker Scofield: "These Are My Jewels"
• Luella Varney Serrao: "Right Reverend Amadeus Rappe, D.D." 1888
• "The Old Pioneer," 1879
• "The Bicentennial Fountain," 1887
• "Melan Arch Bridge Eagles," 1887
• John Quincy Adams Ward: "Dr. Lincoln Goodale," 1888
• "De Witt Memorial," 1893 (Grecian influence?)