"Sites of Visual Modernity: Perceptions of Japanese Exhibitions in Late Qing China," maps shifts in Chinese perception of international exhibitions as sites that not only display the nation but embody it .   It looks at the role of Japanese exhibitions in particular in provoking an epistemic break from representation at the exhibition grounds as purely symbolic to constitutive of modern reality, and an emergent commitment to visual modernity. The sources for the article range from domestic Chinese media discussion of Japanese exhibitions, Chinese newspapers and journals published in Japan, official Japanese exhibition guidebooks published for local and Chinese consumption, as well as a range of Japanese publications and visual materials on the Osaka Fifth Domestic "Encouraging Industry" exhibition that attracted much Chinese attention in 1903.