Chinese Studies Courses at Reed
Anthropology
Anthropology 362 - Gender and Ethnicity in China and Tibet
Full course for one semester. Chinese and Tibetan peoples have interacted for centuries, but it is only in the last half of the twentieth century that the “Tibet question” in China has risen to global attention. This course looks at modern Sino-Tibetan relations through the lens of ethnicity and gender as a way to understand the contentious process through which the Chinese nation-state and national identity have been constructed. Through lectures, readings, films, and discussions, we will explore the diversity of Tibetan and Han Chinese family organization, gender ideologies, and ethnic identities just before, during, and after the Communist revolutionary period. This perspective will shed light on the incorporation of Tibetans as a “minority nationality” in the Chinese “multinational state,” the role of such minorities in constructing Han Chinese majority identity, and the differing effect of state policies on men and women. Prerequisite: Anthropology 211. Conference. Not offered 2007-08.
Anthropology 365 - The Anthropology of Development in Post-Mao China
Full course for one semester. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, state leaders have struggled to chart a course to a Chinese modernity that would break with the perceived humiliations of European domination in the 19th century and bring China commensurate status in a newly configured world stage of nations. Since Deng Xiaoping’s post-Mao reforms in the early 1980s, the PRC has been one of the fastest growing economies in the world. As such, it is poised to have major impacts globally, and especially since the PRC’s entrance into the World Trade Organization in 2001, these meteoric socioeconomic changes have complex implications for its diverse 1.2 billion people. This course draws on anthropological theories of modernity, capitalism, globalization and development emerging in the 1980s and ’90s to turn a critical eye on discourses and practices of “development” (ch. fazhan, kaifa) in the PRC. Drawing on theoretical, historical and ethnographic writings, as well as on other media such as government policy papers, advertising and documentary films, we consider the contexts and contradictions of various development efforts just before, during and after the Maoist period, focusing especially on the post-Mao era of economic reforms. The PRC thus will serve as a case-study for our broader examination of theories conceptualizing the relationships between global capitalism and local realities. Prerequisite: Anthropology 211. Conference. Not offered 2007-08.
Anthropology 369 - Media and Popular Culture in Post-Mao China
Full course for one semester. China’s open door policies and economic reforms since the death of Mao Zedong and the end of the Cultural Revolution have radically altered the state’s ability to control the mass media and popular cultural production. This course examines the implications of this process for national, ethnic, and gender identities among diverse citizens of the Chinese state on one hand, and for CCP efforts to maintain its political hegemony on the other. Through readings, film and video clips, and discussions we will explore different genres of cultural production in contemporary China in their sociohistorical contexts and in relation to recent Marxist and feminist debates about the production, interpretation, and subversion of dominant ideologies in mass media. This perspective will shed light on the actually complex processes through which popular and elite, state, and local contexts are constructed in China, and allow us to interrogate recent assumptions about “globalization,” “Westernization,” “sinicization,” or “modernization” as inevitable homogenizing and leveling forces. Prerequisite: Anthropology 211 or consent of the instructor. Conference. Not offered 2007-08.
Art
Art 392 - The Forbidden City
Full course for one semester. From the fifteenth century through the early twentieth century, the imperial city walled within the Ming and Qing dynasty capital at Beijing was the center of a politically mandated and produced visual and material culture. This seminar will explore the architecture, the city plan, and an array of objects produced at court, from carved walnuts in the shapes of boats to monumental dragons of white marble, from handscroll paintings to maps. We will interpret the city in light of classical Chinese theories of city design, theoretical discussion of ethnicity and the arts, and issues of identity surrounding the patronage and personality of the Qing emperors. The course will ask why and how the city, although forbidden, managed to become and remain the symbolic locus of power in late imperial China, and how it has been reinterpreted and re-presented by the Communist state. At the end of the semester we will investigate some current attempts at visual deconstruction of the city by twenty-first-century artists. Lecture-conference. Prerequisite: Art 201 or consent of instructor.
Art 393 - Mapping the Urban Landscape: Views of the City in Late Imperial China
Full course for one semester. Since ancient times Chinese artists have depicted views of cities and their environs. During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), images of the urban landscape occupied an unprecedented position in the pictorial arts. In the prosperous southeastern metropolises of Suzhou and Nanjing, we witness a flourishing production of images of famous city landmarks, garden residences, and nearby scenic spots. Pictures of courtesans, itinerant musicians, and other fixtures of urban life also become important pictorial themes from the early sixteenth century onwards. We examine this diverse body of images in an effort to illuminate aspects of urban experience in late imperial China. Readings will include recent studies on Ming social and economic history as well as primary texts available in translation. Prerequisite: Art 201 or consent of the instructor. Lecture-conference. Not offered 2007-08.
Art 432 - Sites of Visual Modernity in China
Full course for one semester. This course will trace the formation of modes of visual modernity in China from the Qing dynasty (1644–1911) through the Republican era (1911–1949). Our exploration will focus on visualities produced in architectural and public spaces such as museums, gardens, and the theatre, as well as on cultural and imaginary spaces of representation such as printed books, maps, paper currency, and handscrolls. Among the issues for discussion will be the problematic terms “modernity,” “modernization,” and “Westernization.” We will consider structural conditions for the emergence of distinctly Chinese modes of modern visuality in comparison to European modes, including perceptions and discourses of change and newness, the prominence of an urban public visuality of reflexive sociability and spectacle, and the role of the state in promoting certain modern modes of seeing. Further, we will take into account the development and understanding of new technologies of vision such as lithography and photography. Conference. Prerequisite: two previous art history classes or consent of instructor.
Chinese Language
Chinese 110 - First-Year Chinese
Full course for one year. A beginner’s course in standard (Mandarin) modern spoken and written Chinese, aimed at building a solid foundation in all its aspects: pronunciation (especially the tones), syntax, and basic vocabulary. Attention is given to a balanced development of all the basic skills of the language: listening and reading comprehension, speaking, and writing. Pinyin is the romanization system used in this and all other Chinese language courses. Both the traditional and simplified characters are taught. Students are expected to read both and write one of the two versions. Lecture-conference.
Chinese 210 - Second-Year Chinese
Full course for one year. This course continues to build students’ basic skills and take them to intermediate-level proficiency. Prerequisite: Chinese 110 or acceptance through placement test. Lecture-conference.
Chinese 311 - Third-Year Chinese
Full course for one semester, designed to develop all the four skills to higher levels of proficiency. Particular emphasis is placed on reading and speaking. Greater facility in writing Chinese characters and competence in simple essay writing are the aims of written work in this course. Prerequisite: Chinese 210 or acceptance through placement test. Conference.
Chinese 316 - Classical Chinese
Full course for one semester. Intensive introduction to the grammar of classical Chinese through the study of selections from ancient literary, historical, and philosophical texts. Readings include the Analects, Mencius, Zhuangzi, Shiji, and Tang-Song prose essays. Conducted in Chinese. Prerequisite: Chinese 210 or equivalent. Conference.
Chinese 411 - Selected Readings and Essay Writing
Full course for one semester. This is an advanced-level Chinese language course aimed at further developing reading knowledge and writing skills. All reading texts are unadapted originals in twentieth-century Chinese literature. Regular exercises in narrative and expository writing. Conducted in Chinese. Prerequisite: Chinese 311, 316, or equivalent. Conference.
Chinese Literature
Chinese 324 - Genres of Memory in Medieval China
Full course for one semester. This course will examine how genres and generic conventions structured the construction and reception of memory (of place, event, or person) within Chinese literature of the third through tenth centuries. Both primary and secondary materials are in English. Students who take the course for Chinese credit meet for additional tutoring to read parts of the texts in the original. Prerequisite: sophomore standing. Conference. Cross-listed as Literature 324.
Chinese 325 - Songs to Lost Music: Readings in Ci-Poetry
Full course for one semester. This course investigates the rise and the development of ci-poetry, a genre related closely to music. The formal features and their emotional qualities, major modes of expression, and different stages of its development from the ninth to thirteenth centuries are the foci in the close reading of selected poems. Prerequisite: sophomore standing. Conference. Cross-listed as Literature 325.
Chinese 334 - The Yijing: Text and Tradition of the Book of Changes
Full course for one semester. The Yijing, or Book of Changes, is a text of limitless possibilities. This course explores various strategies of reading the text and examines philosophical, religious, historical, and literary critical implications of the text and the tradition associated with it. The system and the language of the 64 hexagrams and various layers of attached verbalization are the focus of investigation. Readings are in English. Students who take the course for Chinese credit meet for additional tutoring to read parts of the text in the original. Prerequisite: sophomore standing. Conference. Cross-listed as Literature 334. Not offered 2007-08.
Chinese 337 - Biopolitics and Modern Chinese Literature
Full course for one semester. This course explores literary realism in modern China as an interdisciplinary topic. We will examine how literary form presupposes a theory of life and why new modes of realism in modern fiction and pictorial representation should be reevaluated in light of the contemporaneous developments in biological science and philosophical inquiry. Both primary and secondary materials are in English. Students who take the course for Chinese credit meet for additional tutoring to read parts of the texts in the original. Prerequisite: sophomore standing. Conference. Cross-listed as Literature 337.
Chinese 346 - Avant-Garde Fiction and Contemporary Chinese Cinema
Full course for one semester. This course investigates interactions between avant-garde writers and contemporary Chinese cinema since the 1980s. Issues to be explored include loss and gain through movie adaptation, representations of reality, and modes of narration. Through a comparative analysis of literary works and related movies, negotiation between individuality and conformity will be discussed in the context of a commercializing society. Readings are in translation, and films selected are subtitled in English. No Chinese language training is required. Readings in the original Chinese and additional instruction will be offered for students taking this course for Chinese credit. Prerequisite: sophomore standing. Conference. Cross-listed as Literature 346. Not offered 2007-08.
Chinese 347 - Generations of Chinese Cinema
Full course for one semester. The course examines the growth of Chinese cinema in the hands of five “generations” of filmmakers and beyond, focusing on the development of aesthetics of Chinese film and the changing role of film as social commentary and cultural critique. Most of the films on tape have English subtitles. Readings include basic film theories and materials specific to Chinese film. Conference. Cross-listed as Literature 347. Not offered 2007-08.
Chinese 355 - Early Chinese Philosophical Texts
Full course for one semester. This course examines various philosophical discourses in the early period leading to the unification in 221 B.C. It will be a selective discussion of a few major philosophical texts and schools of thought. We will investigate the predominant interest in human nature and cultivation, the epistemological models for understanding such emphases, and the implications of Chinese epistemology. Readings in translation. Students taking the course for Chinese credit will meet for additional hours for the guided reading of selected texts in the original Chinese. Conference. Cross-listed as Literature 355. Not offered 2007-08.
Chinese 360 - The Social Life of Poetry in the Tang Dynasty (618–907)
Full course for one semester. This course will examine the role poetry played in Tang society, as well as how broader social changes—changing composition of the reading public, new technologies of writing, and developing economies of textual circulation—influenced the ways in which poetry was written, for whom, and with what aims. Both primary and secondary materials are in English. Students who take the course for Chinese credit meet for additional tutoring to read parts of the texts in the original. Prerequisite: sophomore standing. Conference. Cross-listed as Literature 360.
Chinese 378 - Chinese Mainland Women Writers Since the 1980s
Full course for one semester. This course introduces representative women writers from mainland China since the 1980s with a focus on their projections of women’s image in conflict either with traditional values and expectations or official ideology. Their search for self and individuality will be discussed in the context of a fast-changing society in which Western influences find various expressions in and beyond literature. This course is a window towards a better understanding of Chinese women and Chinese culture. Readings in translation. Readings in the original Chinese and additional instruction will be offered for students taking this course for Chinese credit. Prerequisite: sophomore standing. Conference. Cross-listed as Literature 378. Not offered 2007-08.
Economics
Economics 281 - Collectivization and De-collectivization in the PRC
Full course for one semester. This class will examine processes of collectivization and de-collectivization in the People's Republic of China, focusing on the 1950s and 1980s respectively. We will examine primarily the agricultural sector and consider the two-way nature of the transition—from a system of private ownership to collective—and the subsequent retreat to decentralization. This approach will facilitate contrasts and comparisons of the organizational changes experienced by the economy and its participants during each of the two decades under study. We will seek to understand the interests of various stakeholders, their subsequent roles in promoting or resisting the changes, and finally how various societal groups were affected. Among the materials we consider will be narrative accounts from various perspectives in addition to secondary sources that analyze the transition processes and their outcomes. Conference. Not offered 2007-08.
Economics 385 - Asian Economies in Transition
Full course for one semester. The course will consider processes of transition from planned to market-based economic systems. We will take a sectoral approach, taking note of variation observed across countries in policy objective, design, implementation, and outcome. Among the sectors we will consider are industry, agriculture, banking and finance, foreign trade and investment, and the public sector. While China and Vietnam, in particular, will offer an abundance of evidence for us to examine, we will also take into account the reform experiences of other Asian countries when relevant source materials are available. Prerequisite: Economics 201. Conference. Not offered 2007-08.
History
History 220 - Late Imperial China
Full course for one semester. This course surveys the history of late imperial China (sixteenth through nineteenth centuries) by examining several critical issues in the historiography of this period. Weekly discussions will address the following topics: despots, ritualized rulers and the growth of a “bureaucratic monarchy”; global economic crisis, peasant rebellion, and the Ming–Qing cataclysm; ethnicity, violence, and exchange on Chinese frontiers; lineage formation, strategic marriages, and the consolidation of gentry rule; local magistrates and scholars and their popular tales; migration, mobility, and social anxiety in a prosperous age; gender and sexuality in Qing Confucian ideology; exploration, trade, and emigration on the south China coast; and the challenge of sea-born imperialists in the nineteenth century. Conference. Not offered 2007-08.
History 221 - Modern China
Full course for one semester. This course examines the numerous transformations in nineteenth- and twentieth-century China from the perspective of both Euro-American and Sinified modernities. We will begin by rethinking both “modernity” and “nation,” locating through that process new enigmatic local subjects for historical study, such as nuxing/women, qingnian/youth, nongming/peasants, or renmin/people. Major discussion topics will include imperialist wars, semi-colonialism, and anti-imperialist movements; the rise of a new historical consciousness; constructions of Manchu, Chinese, and other ethnic identities; contested nationalisms; peasant rebellions and recurring political revolutions; cultural iconoclasm and cultural revolution; Communist mobilizing in rural and urban settings; and Chinese socialism and socialist China. Conference. Not offered 2007-08.
History 323 - Japanese Modernities
Full course for one semester. A historical investigation of Japan’s competing modernities, 1870–1960. Major topics will include Meiji Westernization and its critics, statist narrations of modern Japanese subjectivity, hierarchy and individualism in modernist reform ideologies, territorial and ethnic displacements within the Japanese empire, cosmopolitan literariness and nostalgia for cultural and spiritual homelands, ethnic nationalism in the cultural sciences, and transcendence of the past in Japanese painting and films. Conference.
History 324 - Turning Chinese Farmers into Peasants?
Full course for one semester. This course examines the complexities of Chinese rural society and culture during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, focusing on the interactions between farm households and the state -- relationships that were mediated by rural elites, market forces, political brokers and Maoist activists, among others. Major topics include: dissemination and domestication of popular deities, commercialized agriculture before its time; anti-modern / anti-Christian rural protests; intellectual apprehensions of rural communities; the gendering of rural industrialization; central state penetration and rural defenses; and farmer narratives of bygone eras. This course assumes some familiarity with at least one of the following subjects: Chinese history, popular culture, village society, or peasant studies. Conference.
History 325 - The Family in China and Japan
Full course for one semester. This course explores the visions and myths, manifestations and transformations of the family in China and Japan from the seventeenth century to the present. Major topics will include: classical statements on filiality, ancestors, and the family as paradigm for social and political theory; demographic change and family "life cycles"; household and lineage interactions; marriage and adoption practices; familial authority, inheritance regulations and household management strategies; domestic rituals; childrearing and child-parent relations; gender and generational conflicts; social impact of population control; the effect of modern revolutions on the family and its manifestations. Conference. Not offered 2007-08.
History 326 - Imperialism and Colonialism in East Asia
Full course for one semester. This course will introduce some of the theoretical literature on imperialism and colonialism before examining East Asian experiences with such exploitation and control in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Major topics will include imperialist policies; economic imperialism; colonialism as a system of values and social relations; the relationship of culture and power in the colony; colonial elites and nationalist movements; gender, race, and class in both colonial and nationalist agendas; colonial writers and their literature; and the promises of decolonization and postcoloniality. Conference. Not offered 2007-08.
History 327 - Meiji Restoration/Revolution
Full course for one semester. Few events in Japanese history receive more attention than the Meiji Restoration (or Revolution). A critical marker in Japanese political history, the restoration is also perceived as a major watershed in economic, social, and cultural developments. This course will examine the specific drama of imperial restoration, the modernizing revolution initiated from above thereafter, and the historical contexts that help to explain both. Major topics will include agrarian uprisings, new religious movements, and ee ja nai ka dancing; nativism and world rectification thought; the “opening” of Japan and the effect of international trade and diplomacy on internal Japanese conflicts; bakafu attempts at political reform and the avoidance of foreign invasion; the military rebellion of “loyalist” samurai; and the transformative changes initiated by the Meiji oligarchy after 1868. Readings will include both participant observations and post-Meiji assessments. Conference. Not offered 2007-08.
History 328 - Chinese Frontiers
Full course for one semester. After 1400 Chinese explorers and traders increasingly extended the limits of the “known world” in their search for profit, knowledge, tribute, and exotica; large-scale Chinese emigration followed in their footsteps. Conceptual and physical boundaries were also challenged by Manchu troops from the north and European traders and diplomats from the south. This course will explore the nature of this geographical and epistemological boundary transgression from 1400 to 1800. After a brief examination of Zheng He’s great explorations in the early fifteenth century, we will discuss Chinese practices of charting and mapping physical frontiers. Official and private attempts to represent and domesticate cultures and societies on China’s periphery will be the focus of our second exploration, and the effect of this conceptual and physical “travel” upon accepted notions of ethnicity, gender, and self-identity will make up the final leg of our voyage. Conference. Not offered 2007-08.
History 412 - Junior Seminar: Layered Memories of Japanese Colonialism
Full course for one semester. This course explores major issues in the recent historiography on Japanese imperialism and colonialism and the complex communities who designed, managed and/or experienced Japanese colonial rule in Taiwan and Korea (Japan's major colonies), without overlooking Japanese "informal" rule in China. Major topics will include: colonial typologies, "semi-colonialism" and "colonial modernity"; continuity and divergence in Dutch, Manchu and Japanese colonial rule in Taiwan; colonizers' representations of colonial landscapes; the rule of colonial difference and colonial identity formations; narratives of subaltern resistance; colonial literary movements; colonial anthropology; total war and total empire; sex slaves and their clients; and the complexity of post-colonial problems/ problematic postcolonialisms. Conference.
Humanities 230 - Foundations of Chinese Civilization
Full course for one year. This course is an interdisciplinary examination of two pivotal periods in Chinese history, the Qin/Han (221 B.C.E.–220 C.E.) and Song (960–1279 C.E.) dynasties. Lecture-conference.
Fall Semester: The Qin/Han Unification
In geography and cultural advances, the Qin and Han dynasties surpassed their predecessors, and together they number among the world's greatest empires. This course examines their heritage through a selection of primary texts including the Confucian Analects, the enigmatic Dao de Jing, the cosmological Book of Changes, and the historical narrative tradition of Sima Qian's Shi Ji. It will sample cultural expression ranging from the poetic discourse of rhapsodies and pentasyllabic verse to the religious endeavors manifested in the emperor's own fengshan sacrifices. Alongside textual studies, this course will also explore the Han's physical remains, including the ruins of its capitals, the Wu Liang shrine, and its important tombs. The Qin/Han portrays itself as a territorial, political, and cultural unifier, and it sets the benchmark against which all later dynasties must measure themselves.
Spring Semester: The Great Song Transition
During the Song renaissance, China mentally realigned itself, first because it had to acknowledge other powers in the world such as the nomad states along its own northern borders, and second because those nomads would eventually occupy the northern half of China. Foreign religions such as Tiantai and Chan Buddhism flourished alongside the indigenous popular pantheon, all of which we will study through their primary texts. Furthermore, China was undergoing internal changes such as the emergence of a vibrant urban culture, a culture we will hear through Song storytelling and see through Song cityscape paintings. This realignment found other new expressions in intimate ci-poetry and monumental landscape art. The Qin/Han unification may have laid the basic foundation of China, but the Song gave modern China its true cultural heritage.
Religion
Religion 157 - The Idea Systems of Chinese Religions
Full course for one semester. This course is a survey of the idea systems in the development of China's three main institutional faiths: Daoism, Buddhism, and Classicist lineage ritual. Known as the “Three Teachings,” these faiths flowered in the second and third centuries and gradually permeated every aspect of Chinese life, from family structure to foreign trade, from cosmological speculation to court politics, from liturgy to landscape painting. We will examine how the three teachings borrowed from one another and yet still delineated their own identities. Lectures will place these religions within a historical and political context and will draw upon surviving religious art to provide a visual component to this course. Conference discussions and readings will focus on translations of sacred texts such as Buddhism’s famous Vimalakirti Sutra and Daoism's Scripture of the inner explanation of the three heavens. Lecture-conference. Not offered 2007-08.
Religion 160 - Religion and Philosophy in Pre-imperial China
Full course for one semester. This course is a study of religion and philosophy in pre-imperial China (i.e. before 221 BCE) alongside their literary and artistic manifestations. While a billion people can today claim an intellectual inheritance from Greece, more than two billion recognize ancient China as their foundation. Beginning with the oracle bones and sacrificial bronze vessels, this course will progress to the Confucian classics and the blossoming of Chinese philosophy. Analyses will include bronze-age material culture (including the new discoveries of Sanxingdui), The book of songs from the Confucian tradition, The Zhuangzi from the Daoist tradition and the pre-imperial narrative histories of the Zuo commentary. Conference.
Religion 307 - Early Chinese Cosmology and its Ritual Response
Full course for one semester. This course is an examination of the diverse cosmological traditions that underpin later institutional faiths, and will explore early Chinese attempts to locate the human being within a larger natural order. Early Chinese scholars wrestled with ideas of a pervasive yin and yang as well as other forms of correlative interaction, and in their application of these ideas they formulated systems that explained everything from the inner workings of the body to the greater astronomical order. This course examines their broader concepts such as time and space as well as specific topics such as astronomy, alchemy, and afterlife. It also considers the ritual response to this cosmology--that is, the means whereby humans accessed the larger natural order. Rituals mimicked cosmological hierarchies, and they also interacted with that cosmology through sacrifice, divination, shamanism, and seasonal festivals. Students will explore the archeological evidence, and their readings will focus upon primary texts in translation. Prerequisite: Religion 157. Lecture-conference.
Religion 308 - Chinese Religious Texts
Full course for one semester. This course is an introduction to the syntax and particles of classical Chinese with an emphasis on translating early religious prose. This course will assist the student in learning classical Chinese by sampling religious texts that are often cited throughout Chinese history. These texts will derive from the three institutional faiths of Daoism, Buddhism, and Confucian lineage ritual. The introduction of classical Chinese will help the student gain direct access to a vast realm of texts, religious and otherwise. Prerequisites: Chinese 110 and Religion 157 or 160, or consent of the instructor. Conference. Not offered 2007-08.
Religion 310 - Death and Remembrance in Chinese History
Full course for one semester. This course is a historical survey of Chinese attitudes toward dying, death, and the non-empirical realm. From Buddhist hells to Daoist immortals, Chinese religions are preoccupied with rationalizing and resisting human extinction. This course will examine death through the lenses of literature, art, medicine, and philosophy, beginning with the earliest forms of the Shang Dynasty ancestral cult to the medieval period. Prerequisites: Religion 157 or 160 and either Religion 201, Humanities 230, or consent of the instructor. Conference. Not offered 2007-08.
Religion 313 - Chinese Mahayana Texts
Full course for one semester. This course provides a structured familiarization with the doctrinal foundations of Mahayana Buddhism. After examining the transmission process of texts from India to China, this course will focus upon close reading of sutras in translation from four major schools of Chinese Buddhism. These sutras will include the Lotus sutra from Tiantai Buddhism, the Flower ornament sutra from Huayan Buddhism, the Pure land sutra from Jingtu Buddhism, and the Diamond, Vimalakirti, Lankavatara, and Platform sutras from Chan (Zen) Buddhism. Students will then read early interpretations of these sutras in medieval literature, intellectual discourse, and art. Prerequisite: Religion 157 or 160, and 201 or consent of the instructor. Lecture-conference. Not offered 2007-08.
Religion 314 - The History of Chinese Religions
Full course for one semester. This course is a survey of the history of Daoism, Buddhism, the ancestral cult, and popular religions in China from its beginnings through the Tang Dynasty. Using a combination of recent secondary scholarship and representative primary sources, this course will trace the development of religion against the background of Chinese cultural growth. It will pay special attention to how religious doctrine and art influenced, and was influenced by, secular history, including economics, politics, and foreign relations. Prerequisite: Religion 157 or 160, and 201 or consent of the instructor. Lecture-conference. Not offered 2007-08.