Economics 354
Economics of Science and Technology
Fall 2009
Jeffrey Parker, Reed College
Reading List

Readings marked with an asterisk (*) are not required (but they're still really good!). They are included for those who wish to pursue selected topics in more detail. The instructor can provide additional references on most of the subjects listed.

Many of the readings that are not from books are available on the Internet. Most of these will have links directly to the reading. Note that most of these are available through online subscriptions that can be accessed only if you are connecting through the Reed network.

This reading list is very ambitious; we may not have time to cover all sections.

Sections:
I. Introduction to Technological Progress and Economic Growth
II. Origins and Rise of Modern Technology
III. The Nature of Knowledge, Invention, and Innovation
IV. Measuring and Attributing Innovation
V. Intellectual Property Rights and Incentives for Innovation
VI. A Theory of Oligopolistic Innovation
VII. Path Dependence and Network Effects
VIII. Uncertainty, Risk, and the Financing of R&D
IX. Technological Change and the Labor Market
X. International Technology Transfer, Trade, and Economic Development
XI. Technology Policy and National Systems of Innovation

I. Introduction to Technological Progress and Economic Growth

A. Key Issues in the Economics of Science and Technology (Week 1)

• Foray, Dominique. 2004. The Economics of Knowledge. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. (These chapters are a good introduction to some of the unique aspects of knowledge as an economic commodity.)
  • Chapter 5: Knowledge Spillovers
  • Chapter 6: Knowledge as a Public Good
• Steil, Benn, David G. Victor, and Richard R. Nelson. 2002. Technological Innovation and Economic Performance, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. (We won't read most of the rest of the book, but the introductory chapter provides a convenient framework laying out some of the key ideas we will discuss.)
  • Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview
• Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1950. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, 3rd ed. New York: Harper & Row. (A classic! Everyone who studies economics of technology must read a little Schumpeter!)
  • Chapter VII: The Process of Creative Destruction
• Freeman, Chris, and Luc Soete. 1997. The Economics of Industrial Innovation, 3rd ed. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. (This is one of the main books we will read throughout the course.)
  • Chapter 1: Introduction (Pay special attention to Tables 1-1 and 1-3 and the related text.)
• Stephan, Paula. 1996. The Economics of Science. Journal of Economic Literature 34 (3):1199-1235. (Journal of Economic Literature surveys are by their nature boring reading. Use this paper to get a sense of the issues that are important and for citations to basic literature on those issues.)
• Mokyr, Joel. 1990. The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress, New York: Oxford University Press. (This is a standard text on the history of economic growth and technology. We will read the introduction here and a few more chapters of this book; the chapters that are not required are highly recommended.)
  • Chapter 1: Introduction

B. The Link Between Technology and Growth (9/9)

Everyone reads for general discussion:

• Grossman, Gene M., and Elhanan Helpman. 1994. Endogenous Innovation in the Theory of Growth. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8 (1):23-44. (This is a summary of modern growth theory, which is not the central subject of this course, but is closely related. Read this to get a sense of how economists have formalized the concepts we will study in dynamic mathematical models.)
• Freeman and Soete. 1997. Economics of Industrial Innovation.
  • Chapter 13: Technology and Economic Growth. (pp. 316-323 only).
• Maddison, Angus. 1994. Explaining the Economic Performance of Nations, 1820-1989. Chapter 2 in W.J. Baumol, R.R. Nelson, and E.N. Wolff, eds., Convergence of Productivity: Cross-National Studies and Historical Evidence, pp. 20-61. (Some results from the "growth accounting" literature, applied broadly and over a long time span.)

Read, presented, and discussed by individual students:

• Oliner, Stephen D., and Daniel E. Sichel. 2002. Information Technology and Productivity: Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going? FRB Atlanta Economic Review Third Quarter:15-44. (One piece of a sizable literature quantifying the growth effects of modern information technology.) [Trey, Jeff, Suraj]
• Chatterjee, Satyajit. 2005. Ores and Scores: Two Cases of How Competition Led to Productivity "Miracles". Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Business Review, First Quarter:7-15. [Andy, Josh, Adrienne]
• Griffith, Rachel, Elena Huergo, Jacques Mairesse, and Bettina Peters. 2006. Innovation and Productivity across Four European Countries. Oxford Review of Economic Policy 22 (4):482-498. [Laura, Niko, Neil]
• *Jorgenson, Dale W. 2001. Information Technology and the U.S. Economy. American Economic Review 91 (1):1-32. (A definitive analysis of role of IT in growth, but slightly less up-to-date than the Oliner and Sichel paper.)

II. Origins and Rise of Modern Technology

A. Pre-Industrial Technological Development (not discussed in class)

• *Mokyr. 1990. Lever of Riches.
  • Chapter 2: Classical Antiquity
  • Chapter 3: The Middle Ages
  • Chapter 4: The Renaissance and Beyond: Technology 1500-1750

B. The Industrial Revolution (9/11)

• Mokyr. 1990. Lever of Riches.
  • Chapter 5: The Years of Miracle: The Industrial Revolution, 1750-1830
• Freeman and Soete. 1997. Economics of Industrial Innovation.
  • Chapter 2: The Industrial Revolution.
• Mokyr, Joel. 2009. Intellectual Property Rights, the Industrial Revolution, and the Beginnings of Modern Economic Growth. American Economic Review 99 (2):349-355.

C. Development of Modern Industries

1. General (9/16)

• Mokyr. 1990. Lever of Riches.
  • Chapter 6: The Later Nineteenth Century: 1830-1914.
• Mowery, David C., and Nathan Rosenberg. 1998. Paths of Innovation: Technological Change in 20th-Century America, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Chapter 1: Introduction
  • Chapter 2: The Institutionalization of Innovation, 1900-90.

2. Electricity and Steel (not discussed in class)

• *Freeman and Soete. 1997. Economics of Industrial Innovation.
  • Chapter 3: The Age of Electricity and Steel.
• *Mowery and Rosenberg. 1998. Paths of Innovation.
  • Chapter 5: Electric Power.

3. Oil, Chemicals, and Plastics (not discussed in class)

• *Freeman and Soete. 1997. Economics of Industrial Innovation.
  • Chapter 4: Process Innovations in Oil and Chemicals
  • Chapter 5: Synthetic Materials
• *Mowery and Rosenberg. 1998. Paths of Innovation.
  • Chapter 4: Chemicals
• *Landau, Ralph, and Nathan Rosenberg. 1992. Successful Commercialization in the Chemical Process Industries. Chapter 4 in Technology and the Wealth of Nations, edited by Nathan Rosenberg, Ralph Landau, and David C. Mowery, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

4. Engines, Autos, Aircraft and Mass Production (not discussed in class)

• *Freeman and Soete. 1997. Economics of Industrial Innovation.
  • Chapter 6: Mass Production and the Automobile
• *Mowery and Rosenberg. 1998. Paths of Innovation.
  • Chapter 3: The Internal Combustion Engine
• *Mowery, David C., and Nathan Rosenberg. 1982. Technical Change in the Commercial Aircraft Industry, 1925-1975. Chapter 8 in Nathan Rosenberg, Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

5. Electronics and Computers (9/18)

• Freeman and Soete. 1997. Economics of Industrial Innovation.
  • Chapter 7: Electronics and Computers
• Mowery and Rosenberg. 1998. Paths of Innovation.
  • Chapter 6: The Electronics Revolution, 1947-90
• Mokyr, Joel. 1997. Are We Living in the Middle of an Industrial Revolution? Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Review 82 (2):31-43.

6. Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (9/21)

• Ebers, Mark, and Walter W. Powell. 2007. Biotechnology: Its Origins, Organization, and Outputs. Research Policy 36 (4):433-437. (The introductory summary to an entire issue devoted to biotechnology.)
• Swan, Jacky, Anna Goussevskaia, Sue Newell, Maxine Robertson, Mike Bresnen and Ademola Obembe. 2007. Modes of Organizing Biomedical Innovation in the UK and US and the Role of Integrative and Relational Capabilities. Research Policy 36 (4):529-547.
• Hopkins, Michael M., Paul A. Martin, Paul Nightengale, Alison Kraft, and Surya Mahdi. 2007. The Myth of the Biotech Revolution: An Assessment of Technological, Clinical and Organizational Change. Research Policy 36 (4):566-589.
• Bozeman, Barry, Philippe Laredo, and Vincent Mangematin. 2007. Understanding the Emergence and Deployment of 'Nano' S&T. Research Policy 34 (6):807-812. (The introductory summary to an issue discussing nanotechnology.)

III. Knowledge, Invention, and Innovation

A. The Nature of Invention and Innovation (9/23)

• Petroski, Henry. 1992. The Evolution of Useful Things, New York: Alfred Knopf.
  • Chapter 4: From Pins to Paper Clips
• Rosenberg, Nathan. 1982. Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Chapter 3: Technological Interdependence in the American Economy
• Foray. 2004. Economics of Knowledge.
  • Chapter 4: Reproduction of Knowledge

B. What Determines the Rate of Innovation (9/25 & 9/28)

Read and discussed by all

• Mokyr. 1990. Lever of Riches.
  • Chapter 7: Understanding Technological Progress
• Nelson, Richard R. 2008. What Enables Rapid Economic Progress: What Are the Needed Institutions? Research Policy 37 (1):1-11.
• Arthur, W. Brian. 2007. The Structure of Invention. Research Policy 36 (2):274-287.
• Lamoreaux, Naomi R., and Kenneth L. Sokoloff, eds. 2007. Financing Innovation in the United States, 1870 to the Present, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
  • Introduction, pp. 1-37.

Read and presented by individual students:

• Varsakelis, Nikos C. 2006. Education, Political Institutions, and Innovative Activity: A Cross-Country Empirical Investigation. Research Policy 35 (7):1983-90.

IV. Measuring and Attributing Innovation

A. Measuring Innovative Activity (9/30)

Read and discussed by all:

• Patel, Pari, and Keith Pavitt. 1995. Patterns of Technological Activity: Their Measurement and Interpretation. Chapter 2 in P. Stoneman, ed., Handbook of the Economics of Innovation and Technological Change, Blackwell. (An overview of some of the traditional methods of measuring innovation.)
• Trajtenberg, Manuel. 2002. A Penny for Your Quotes: Patent Citations and the Value of Innovations. Chapter 2 in A.B. Jaffe and M. Trajtenberg, eds., Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. (A discussion of one particular method: patent citations.)

Read and discussed by individual students:

• Schmookler, Jacob. 1962. Economic Sources of Inventive Activity. Journal of Economic History 22 (1):1-20. (One of the seminal papers using patents as a measure of innovation.)
• Alexopoulos, Michelle, and Jon Cohen. 2009. Measuring Our Ignorance, One Book at a Time: New Indicators of Technological Change, 1909-1949. Journal of Monetary Economics 56 (4):450-470. (Are technical manuals a useful measure of innovation?)
• Optional: *Godin, Benoit. 2007. Science, Accounting and Statistics: The Input-Output Framework. Research Policy 36 (9):1388-1403. (An interesting discussion of the origins of the attempt to measure the inputs and outputs of scientific activity.)

B. Where Does Innovation Come From? (10/2, 10/5, 10/7, & 10/9)

Read and discussed by all:

• Jensen, Morten Berg, Björn Johnson, Edward Lorenz, and Bengt Åke Lundvall. 2007. Forms of Knowledge and Modes of Innovation. Research Policy 36 (5):680-693.
• Lester, Richard K., and Michael J. Piore. 2004. Innovation, The Missing Dimension. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
  • Introduction
  • Chapter 1: Integration in Cell Phones, Blue Jeans, and Medical Devices
  • Chapter 2: Where Do Problems Come From?
  • Chapter 3: Conversation, Interpretation, and Ambiguity
• von Hippel, Eric. 1988. The Sources of Innovation. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. (A detailed study of the question "Who innovates?")
  • Chapters 2 through 5.

Read and discussed by individual students:

• Rosenberg, Nathan. 2009. Some Critical Episodes in the Progress of Medical Innovation: An Anglo-American Perspective. Research Policy 38 (2):234-242. (A discussion of how the structure of academic medical institutions affected innovation.)
• Freeman and Soete. 1997. Economics of Industrial Innovation.
  • Chapter 8: Success and Failure in Industrial Innovation
  • Chapter 9: Innovation and Size of Firm

• Aghion, Philippe, Nick Bloom, Richard Blundell, Rachel Griffith, and Peter Howitt. 2005. Competition and Innovation: An Inverted-U Relationship. Quarterly Journal of Economics 120 (2): 701-728.
• Cohen, Wesley M., and Daniel A. Levinthal. 1989. Innovation and Learning: The Two Faces of R&D. Economic Journal 99 (397):569-596.
• Robertson, Paul L., and Parimal R. Patel. 2007. New Wine in Old Bottles: Technological Diffusion in Developed Economies. Research Policy 36 (5):708-721.
• *Robertson, Paul, Keith Smith, and Nick von Tunzelmann. 2009. Innovation in Low- and Medium-Technology Industries. Research Policy 38 (3):441-446. (The introductory paper in an issue of Research Policy devoted to innovation in non-high-tech industries.)

C. Innovation Strategies (10/12, 10/14, 10/16)

• Freeman and Soete. 1997. Economics of Industrial Innovation.
  • Chapter 10: Uncertainty, Project Evaluation, and Innovation
  • Chapter 11: Innovation and the Strategy of the Firm
• Teece, David J. 1992. Strategies for Capturing the Financial Benefits from Technological Innovation. Chapter 7 in Technology and the Wealth of Nations, edited by N. Rosenberg, R. Landau, and D. Mowery, Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.

V. Intellectual Property Rights and Incentives for Innovation

A. Intellectual Property and Innovation

Read and discussed by all

• Scotchmer, Suzanne. 2004. Innovation and Incentives. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. (10/26 - 10/30)
  • Chapters 1-8
• Friedman, David D., William M. Landes, and Richard A. Posner. 1991. Some Economics of Trade Secret Law. Journal of Economic Perspectives 5 (1):61-72. (11/2)
• Cohen, Wesley M., Richard R. Nelson, and John P. Walsh. 2000. Protecting Their Intellectual Assets: Appropriability Conditions and Why U.S. Manufacturing Firms Patent (or Not). Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER Working Papers, No. 7552. (11/2)

  Presented and discussed by individual students

• de Rassenfosse, Gaétan, and Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie. 2008. On the Price Elasticity of Demand for Patents. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research. CEPR Discussion Papers, No. 7029. (11/4)
• Lerner, Josh. 2009. The Empirical Impact of Intellectual Property Rights on Innovation: Puzzles and Clues. American Economic Review 99 (2):343-348. (11/4)
• Lerner, Josh, and Julie Wulf. 2007. Innovation and Incentives: Evidence from Corporate R&D. Review of Economics and Statistics 89 (4):634-644. (11/4)
• *Kremer, Michael. 1998. Patent Buyouts: A Mechanism for Encouraging Innovation. Quarterly Journal of Economics 113 (4):1137-67. (A prominent paper discussed briefly by Scotchmer.)
• *Brynjolfsson, Erik, and Xiaoquan (Michael) Zhang. 2006. Innovation Incentives for Information Goods. Innovation Policy and the Economy 7:99-123. (An interesting idea for a way to charge for digital music and similar collections.)
• *Park, Walter G. 2008. International Patent Protection: 1960-2005. Research Policy 37 (4):761-766. (An interesting dataset on patent laws across countries.)

B. Problems with the Current U.S. Patent System

Read and discussed by all

• Jaffe, Adam B., and Josh Lerner. 2004. Innovation and Its Discontents: How Our Broken Patent System Is Endangering Innovation and Progress, and What to Do about It. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. (11/6)
  • Chapters 1-4, and 7.

November 9: Visiting presentation by Bill Drake, formerly of Medtronic, Inc., and more recently CEO of Islet Technology.

Presented and discussed by individual students

• Reitzig, Markus, Joachim Henkel, and Christopher Heath. 2007. On Sharks, Trolls, and their Patent Prey---Unrealistic Damage Awards and Firms' Strategies of "Being Infringed. Research Policy 36 (1):134-154. (11/11)
• Hall, Bronwyn H. 2009. Business and Financial Method Patents, Innovation, and Policy. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER Working Papers, No. 14868. (11/11)
• Farrell, Joseph, and Carl Shapiro. 2008. How Strong Are Weak Patents? American Economic Review 98 (4):1347-69. (11/11)

C. The Anti-Commons Hypothesis

Read and discussed by all

• Heller, Michael A., and Rebecca S. Eisenberg. 1998. Can Patents Deter Innovation? The Anticommons in Biomedical Research. Science, New Series, 280 (5364):698-701. (11/13)
• Murray, Fiona, and Scott Stern. 2006. When Ideas Are Not Free: The Impact of Patents on Scientific Research. Innovation Policy and the Economy 7:33-69. (11/13)

  Presented and discussed by individual students

• Walsh, John P., Wesley M. Cohen, and Charlene Cho. 2007. Where Excludability Matters: Material versus Intellectual Property in Academic Biomedical Research. Research Policy 36 (8):1184-1203. (11/13)
• *Walsh, John P., Charlene Cho, and Wesley M. Cohen. 2005. View from the Bench: Patents and Materials Transfers. Science 309 (5743):2002-03. (An earlier paper that is often cited.)
• *Maurer, Stephen M. 2006. Inside the Anticommons: Academic Scientists' Struggle to Build a Commercially Self-Supporting Human Mutations Database, 1999-2001. Research Policy 35 (6):839-853.
• *Fabrizio, Kira R., and Alberto Di Minin. 2008. Commericalizing the Laboratory: Faculty Patenting and the Open Science Environment. Research Policy 37 (5):914-931.
• *David, Paul A. 2008. The Historical Origins of "Open Science": An Essay on Patronage, Reputation and Common Agency Contracting in the Scientific Revolution. Capitalism and Society 3 (2):Article 5.

D. The Economics of Open-Source Software

Read and discussed by all

• Lerner, Josh, and Jean Tirole. 2002. Some Simple Economics of Open Source. Journal of Industrial Economics 50 (2):197-234. (11/16)

  Presented and discussed by individual students

• Roberts, Jeff, Il-Horn Hann, and Sandra Slaughter. 2006. Understanding the Motivations, Participation and Performance of Open Source Software Developers: A Longitudinal Study of the Apache Project. Management Science 52 (7):984-999. (11/16)
• Comino, Stefano, Fabio M. Manenti and Maria Laura Parisi. 2007. From Planning to Mature: On the Success of Open Source Projects. Research Policy 36 (10):1575-86. (11/16)
• *Lerner, Josh, and Jean Tirole. 2004. The Economics of Technology Sharing: Open Source and Beyond. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper #10956. (A more recent discussion by the same authors.)
• *Bonaccorsi, Andrea, and Cristina Rossi. 2003. Why Open Source Software Can Succeed. Research Policy 32 (7):1243-58. (This entire issue of Research Policy is devoted to papers on open-source software.)
• *Gambardella, Alfonso, and Bronwyn H. Hall. 2006. Proprietary versus Public Domain Licensing of Software and Research Products. Research Policy 35 (6):875-892.

VI. A Theory of Oligopolistic Innovation (This section will be omitted this year, but it's a good book!)

• *Baumol, William J. 2002. The Free-Market Innovation Machine: Analyzing the Growth Miracle of Capitalism. Princeton: N.J.: Princeton University Press. Chapters 1-11. (A somewhat ideosyncratic model of a dynamic, oligopolistic model of an industry with ongoing innovation. Not easy reading. Baumol is one of the giants of industrial organization, but the presentation of this model is a little rough. You'll have to read past the cheerleading for capitalism in the first few chapters.)
• *Audretsch, David. 2003. Review of The Free-Market Innovation Machine Journal of Economic Literature 41 (3):936-937. (To see what another economist thinks of the book.)

VII. Path Dependence and Network Effects

A. Path Dependence: Examples and Counterexamples (11/18)

Read and discussed by all:

• David, Paul A. 1985. Clio and the Economics of QWERTY American Economic Review 75 (2):332-337. (The classic reading on path dependence.)
• Liebowitz, S. J., and Stephen E. Margolis. 1990. The Fable of the Keys Journal of Law and Economics 33 (1):1-25.
• Arthur, W. Brian. 1994. Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press. (Arthur has become a leader in modeling path-dependent processes. These chapters introduce the ideas that are developed in the remainder of his very interesting book.)
  • Chapter 1: Positive Feedbacks in the Economy
  • Chapter 2: Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-In by Historical Small Events

Read and presented by individual students

• Cowan, Robin. 1990. Nuclear Power Reactors: A Study in Technological Lock-In Journal of Economic History 50 (3):541-567. (Another possible example of path dependence.)

B. Networks, Standards, and Externalities (11/20)

Read and discussed by all:

• Katz, Michael L., and Carl Shapiro. 1994. Systems Competition and Network Effects Journal of Economic Perspectives 8 (2):93-115. (Network externalities and competition for standard setting from an economic perspective.)
• Besen, Stanley M., and Joseph Farrell. 1994. Choosing How to Compete: Strategies and Tactics in Standardization Journal of Economic Perspectives 8 (2):117-131. (A firm-management perspective on network industries.)
• Liebowitz, S. J., and Stephen E. Margolis. 1994. Network Externality: An Uncommon Tragedy Journal of Economic Perspectives 8 (2):133-150. (Do network externalities really exist?)

Read and presented by individual students:

• Park, Sangin. 2004. Quantitative Analysis of Network Externalities in Competing Technologies: The VCR Case. Review of Economics and Statistics 86 (4):937-945.

VIII. Financing Innovation: Venture Capital

• Gompers, Paul A., and Josh Lerner. 2001. The Money of Invention: How Venture Capital Creates New Wealth. Cambridge: Mass.: Harvard Business School Press.
  • Chapters 2-6. (11/23)
• *Gompers, Paul, and Josh Lerner. 2001. The Venture Capital Revolution. Journal of Economic Perspectives 15 (2):145-168. (A less detailed summary of their book.)
• *Berlin, Mitchell. 1998. That Thing Venture Capitalists Do. Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Business Review January/February:15-26. (A "layperson's" discussion of venture capital.)

IX. Technological Change and the Labor Market

Read and discussed by all:

• Goldin, Claudia, and Lawrence F. Katz. 2008. The Race Between Education and Technology. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. (11/25)
  • Chapter 2: Inequality across the Twentieth Century
  • Chapter 3: Skill-Biased Technological Change
• Acemoglu, Daron. 2002. Technical Change, Inequality, and the Labor Market Journal of Economic Literature 40 (1):7-72. (Another Journal of Economic Literature survey; not compelling reading but it saves us reading 5-10 papers separately.) (11/30)

  Read and presented by individual students:

• Beaudry, Paul, and David A. Green. 2005. Changes in U.S. Wages, 1976-2000: Ongoing Skill Bias or Major Technological Change? Journal of Labor Economics, 23 (3):609-648. (A recent contrarian view of the skill-bias hypothesis.) (11/30)
• Bartel, Ann P., Casey Ichniowski, and Kathryn L. Shaw. 2007. How Does Information Technology Really Affect Productivity? Plant-Level Comparisons of Product Innovation, Process Improvement, and Worker Skills. Quarterly Journal of Economics 122 (4):1721-58. (11/30)
  

X. International Technology Transfer, Trade, and Economic Development

Read and discussed by all:

• Krugman, Paul. 1995. Technological Change in International Trade. Chapter 9 in Handbook of the Economics of Innovation and Technological Change, edited by P. Stoneman. Blackwell Handbooks in Economics. (12/2)
• World Development Report 1998/99: Knowledge for Development, Washington, D.C: World Bank. (Available online through worldbank.org if the link does not work.)
  • Chapters 1 through 4. (12/2)
• *Lanjouw, Jean O. 2003. Intellectual Property and the Availability of Pharmaceuticals in Poor Countries. Innovation Policy and the Economy 3:91-129.

  Read and presented by individual students:

• Caselli, Francesco, and John Coleman. 2001. Cross-Country Technology Diffusion: The Case of Computers. American Economic Review 91 (2):328-335. (12/2)
• Comin, Diego, and Bart Hobijn. 2004. Cross-Country Technology Adoption: Making the Theories Face the Facts. Journal of Monetary Economics 51 (1):39-83. (12/2)

XI. Technology Policies and National Systems of Innovation

• Mowery, David C., and Nathan Rosenberg. 1993. The U.S. National Innovation System. Chapter 2 in National Innovation Systems, edited by R. R. Nelson. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. (12/4)
• Economic Report of the President, February 2005 (12/4)
  • Chapter 6: Innovation and the Information Economy
• Farrell, Joseph, et al. 2005. Reviews of the 2005 Economic Report of the President. Journal of Economic Literature 43 (3):801-822. (Read pp. 801-805 only, covering Chapter 6.) (12/4)
• *Steil, Benn, David G. Victor, and Richard R. Nelson, eds. 2002. Technological Innovation and Economic Performance. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. (Chapters 3-8 describe the recent innovation performances of the U.S., Japan, Germany, France, the U.K., and the Nordic countries.)
• *Nelson, Richard R., ed. 1993. National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Contains chapters describing the national innovation systems of many countries.)
• *There is a whole series of books (in the Reed Library) called Economic Development of XX since 1870, where XX is a country. You are encouraged to look at these for specific information on innovation policies in particular countries. See also a series of articles in the February 2002 issue of Research Policy.