American Literature to 1900: Reading Questions and Information

Reading Questions and Background

Friday 2/14/97

Location: [Reed College] [Department of English] [Laura Arnold][ Nation and Narration]Daily Readings

Margaret Fuller

1. For Friday please finish reading Fuller's Summer on the Lakes and read pp. ix-xx and 226-235 of Werner Sollors' The Invention of Ethnicity. What sort of identity does Fuller "invent" for American Indians? What is their role within the nation's invented identity? Do American Indians help Fuller invent a white space and identity as well? How so? How does her portraits of American Indians compare to the portraits of American Indians made by George Catlin?

2. In "Towards a Feminist Poetics" (Essentials of the Theory of Fiction 380-402), Elaine Showalter identifies three stages of women's writing: feminine, feminist, and female. In which category does Fuller belong?

3. In the introduction to our text, Jeffrey Steele suggests that Fuller writes in a female poetics when she

  1. advocates ideals fo friendship and community
  2. presents mythological images of the female realm (e.g. gardens, flowers)
  3. shows that women embody an "electricity" that frightens men and draws individuals together. Do you agree? What parts of Summer on the Lakes support such a reading? Would you add anything to this list?

    4. Engendering the Sublime. In Women Poets and the American Sublime, Joanne Diehl suggests that the sublime meant different things for women and men. She argues

    Transformed by the universe flowing through him, the new man experiences the apotheosis of the Emersonian Sublime--one with the world, he assumes its authority, his speech achieving the clarity of cosmic law. Implicit in this wondrous transformation is Emerson's faith in the self's ability to open doors, experience the flood, and speak with a voice of thunder in language bold as it is clear, a language where sign and signification are one. Yet Emerson's assertion presents difficulties not easily overcome by poets of lesser confidence or by those who lack support of a tradition....Women poets experience the burden of these difficulties in ways that bar their free access to the Sublime, for gender blocks the identification Emerson so fluently assumes (Diehl 3).
    How does Fuller's experience of the sublime differ from Emerson, Hawthorne, and Shelley's? Is gender the only factor here?

    5. Why Travel? In class Wed. we discussed reasons why people travel. Click here for more information on pilgrimages, captivity narratives, Jeremiads.


    Other useful hotlinks:
    1. Paintings of Niagara Falls
    2. A mid-nineteenth-century tour of New York City
    3. Artwork on American Indians
    4. Native American Artists on the Internet
    5. Nineteenth-Century Portraits of Chippewa Indians
    6. The Sublime (Exhibition Essay which Includes paintings of the White Mountains, Niagra Falls, and Other Sublime Locales)


      Click here to see a copy of the syllabus
      url of this page -- Revised: 2/5/97
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      Laura.Arnold@Reed.edu