English Literature GRE Study Guide
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1. Middle Ages
2. 16th Century
3. Early 17th Century
4. Restoration
5. 18th C: Pope & Swift
6. 18th C: Enlightenment

7. Early Romantic

8. Middle Romantic
9. Late Romantic
10. Early British Victorian
11.Transcendentalism
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13. British Modernism
14. American Modernism
15. British Postmodernism
16. Amer. Postmodernism

 

World Literature: Pieter Brueghel the Elder

Pieter Brueghel the Elder (c.1525-1569), Flemish painter. His paintings influenced a number of significant ekphrastic poems. Ekphrastic poems represent works of visual art in words. You should remember what ekphrasis is from Hum 110's discussion of the SHIELD OF ACHILLEUS in Homer's Iliad (Book 18) and the shield and wall mural scenes in Virgil's Aeneid. You should think about why ekphrasis and the fall of Icarus are popular subjects for poets.


Quotes from Poems about Brueghel
  • "...Kicking and rolling about
    the Fair Grounds, swinging their butts, those
    shanks must be sound to bear up under such
    rollicking measures, prance as they dance
    in Breughel's great picture, The Kermess" ("The Dance," William Carlos Williams)
  • "In Breughel's Icarus, for instance: how everything turns away
    Quite leisurely from the disaster; the ploughman may
    Have heard the splash, the forsaken cry,
    But for him it was not an important failure; the sun shone
    As it had to on the white legs disappearing into the green
    Water; and the expensive delicate ship that must have seen
    Something amazing, a boy falling out of the sky,
    had somewhere to get to and sailed calmly on." ("MUSÉE DES BEAUX ARTS," W. H. Auden)
  • The beginning of the description of "The Story of Daedalus and Icarus" from Ovid's Metamorphoses (8.183-235 ):

    In tedious exile now too long detain'd,
    Daedalus languish'd for his native land:
    The sea foreclos'd his flight; yet thus he said:
    Tho' Earth and water in subjection laid,
    O cruel Minos, thy dominion be,
    We'll go thro' air; for sure the air is free.
    Then to new arts his cunning thought applies,
    And to improve the work of Nature tries.
    A row of quils in gradual order plac'd,
    Rise by degrees in length from first to last;
    As on a cliff th' ascending thicket grows,
    Or, different reeds the rural pipe compose.
    Along the middle runs a twine of flax,
    The bottom stems are joyn'd by pliant wax.
    Thus, well compact, a hollow bending brings
    The fine composure into real wings.

    His boy, young Icarus, that near him stood,
    Unthinking of his fate, with smiles pursu'd
    The floating feathers, which the moving air
    Bore loosely from the ground, and wasted here and there.
    Or with the wax impertinently play'd,
    And with his childish tricks the great design delay'd.

    The final master-stroke at last impos'd,
    And now, the neat machine compleatly clos'd;
    Fitting his pinions on, a flight he tries,
    And hung self-ballanc'd in the beaten skies.
    Then thus instructs his child: My boy, take care
    To wing your course along the middle air;
    If low, the surges wet your flagging plumes;
    If high, the sun the melting wax consumes:
    Steer between both: nor to the northern skies,
    Nor south Orion turn your giddy eyes;
    But follow me: let me before you lay
    Rules for the flight, and mark the pathless way.
    Then teaching, with a fond concern, his son,
    He took the untry'd wings, and fix'd 'em on;
    But fix'd with trembling hands; and as he speaks,
    The tears roul gently down his aged cheeks.
    Then kiss'd, and in his arms embrac'd him fast,
    But knew not this embrace must be the last.
    And mounting upward, as he wings his flight,
    Back on his charge he turns his aking sight;
    As parent birds, when first their callow care
    Leave the high nest to tempt the liquid air.
    Then chears him on, and oft, with fatal art,
    Reminds the stripling to perform his part.

    These, as the angler at the silent brook,
    Or mountain-shepherd leaning on his crook,
    Or gaping plowman, from the vale descries,
    They stare, and view 'em with religious eyes,
    And strait conclude 'em Gods; since none, but they,
    Thro' their own azure skies cou'd find a way.

    Now Delos, Paros on the left are seen,
    And Samos, favour'd by Jove's haughty queen;
    Upon the right, the isle Lebynthos nam'd,
    And fair Calymne for its honey fam'd.
    When now the boy, whose childish thoughts aspire
    To loftier aims, and make him ramble high'r,
    Grown wild, and wanton, more embolden'd flies
    Far from his guide, and soars among the skies.
    The soft'ning wax, that felt a nearer sun,
    Dissolv'd apace, and soon began to run.
    The youth in vain his melting pinions shakes,
    His feathers gone, no longer air he takes:
    Oh! Father, father, as he strove to cry,
    Down to the sea he tumbled from on high,
    And found his Fate; yet still subsists by fame,
    Among those waters that retain his name.


©2006 Laura Arnold LeibmanDept. of EnglishReed College IntroductionPrint ResourcesPractice ExamsOnline ResourcesWho Made This Page?