References

Adams, M. R. 2000. Choosing hunting sites: Web site preferences of the orb weaver spider, Neoscona crucifera, relative to light cues. Journal of Insect Behavior, 13, 299-305.

Blackledge, T. A., Kuntner, M. and Agnarsson, I. 2011. The Form and Function of Spider Orb Webs: Evolution from Silk to Ecosystems. Advances in Insect Physiology, 41, 174-262.

Blackledge, T. A. 1998. Stabilimentum variation and foraging success in Argiope aurantia and Argiope trifasciata. The zoological society of London, 246, 21-27.

Ceballos, L., Henaut, Y. & Legal, L. 2005. Foraging strategies of Eriophora edax (Araneae, Araneidae): A nocturnal orb-weaving spider. Journal of Arachnology, 33, 509-515.

Craig, C. L. and Freeman, C. R. 1994 Color and pattern in predator-prey interactions- the bright body colors and patterns of tropical orb spinnign spider attract flower-seeking prey. Funtional ecology, 8, 616-620.

Gawryszewski, F. M. & Motta, P. C. 2008. The silk tuft web decorations of the orb-weaver Gasteracantha cancriformis: testing the prey attraction and the web advertisement hypotheses. Behaviour, 145, 277-295.

Herberstein, M. E. & Elgar, M. A. 1994. Foraging strategies of the eriophora-transmarina and nephila-plumipes- nocturnal and diurnal orb-weaving spiders. Australian Journal of Ecology, 19, 451-457.

Jones, T. C., Akoury, T. S., Hauser, C. K. & Moore, D. 2011. Evidence of circadian rhythm in antipredator behaviour in the orb-weaving spider Larinioides cornutus. Animal Behaviour, 82, 549-555.

Opell, B. D. 1994. Increased stickiness of prey capture threads accompanying web reduction in the spider family Uloboridae. Fuctional ecology, 8, 85-90.

Opell, B. D. and Schwend, H. S. 2008. Persistant stickiness of viscious capture threads produced by araneoid orb-weaving spiders. J. Exper. Zool, 309, 11-16.

Sandoval, C. P. 1994. Plasticity in web design in the spider parawixia-bistriata- a response to variable prey type. Functional Ecology, 8, 701-707.

Sensenig, A. T., I. Agnarsson, and T. A. Blackledge. "Adult Spiders Use Tougher Silk: Ontogenetic Changes in Web Architecture and Silk Biomechanics in the Orb-Weaver Spider." Journal of Zoology 285, no. 1 (2011): 28-38.

Witt, P. N., Reed, C. F. & Rawlings, J. O. 1972. Ontogeny of web-building behavior in 2 orb-weaving spiders. American Zoologist, 12, 445-&.

Photo References

Home page

Spider on web with green background: http://www.flickr.com/photos/watterbug/2803819913/

Tinbergen: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1973/tinbergen-autobio.html

Orange and black spider on web: http://www.sabisabi.com/wildfacts/golden-orb-web-spider

Web on twig: http://australianmuseum.net.au/image/An-orb-web/

Spider eating bird: http://arbroath.blogspot.com/2008/10/second-giant-bird-devouring-spider.html

Web in bush: http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/373282/enlarge

Mechanism page

Spider with prey in web: http://naturallycuriouswithmaryholland.wordpress.com/2010/07/17/spider-with-prey-welcome-to-a-photographic-journey-through-the-fields-woods-and-marshes-of-new-england/

Silk production and spider morphology: Blackledge, et. al, 2011

Ontogeny page

Figure of stickiness vs. stopping potential: Sensenig, et. al, 2010

Adpative value page

Stabilimenta web: http://anam78.blogspot.com/2011/02/luar-biasa-keajaiban-dari-jaring-laba.html

Phylogeny page

Two types of webs: http://www.pnas.org/content/106/13/5229.full